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Ph.D. in Counselor Education and Supervision: AI Overview

Resources for course work and research

AI and LLM

Large Language Models of Artificial Intelligence

Large language models of artificial intelligence are trained on massive amounts of text data from books, articles, and websites. They are built on statistics that predict results. They are not contextual, and they are not search engines. Small language models use smaller, more focused datasets for targeted tasks. Programs, such as Google's NotebookLM, use language models with uploaded documents or websites to produce more informed responses (Retrieval Augmented Generation: RAG).

Generative AI Product Tracker is a free, living document of descriptions, features, pros, and limitations of GAI tools marketed to higher education or widely used for teaching, learning, and research. It is provided by Ithaka S+R. Ithaka is the non-profit that publishes JSTOR.

EBSCO, ProQuest, and JSTOR provide beta versions of AI Research Assistants within the results screen. These tools may highlight the focus of an article, chapter, or book so you can assess its relevance to your research. Results vary by database, so check the specific features available in each.

If you choose to use AI programs or features, always fact-check, use critical thinking to assess results, and read excerpts in context.

Possible Uses

  • Identify vocabulary or search terms for unfamiliar topics
  • Identify experts in a field of research to verify using trusted library databases
  • Identify research gaps
  • Refine your research question.
  • Discover possible sources to verify using trusted library databases
  • Those approved by your professor

Cautions

  • Research Process - Relying on AI in research risks skipping over the deep thinking and discovery that make the research process valuable. (How to Make Sure ChatGPT Doesn't Make you Dumber, Wall Street Journal, Sept. 3, 2025)
  • Context and Nuance - AI summaries may be technically correct, but lack the full details and reasoning provided by reading in context. 
  • Privacy - If you do not want your interactions used for future training, check the privacy settings in the LLM and set your data controls.
  • Accuracy - Verify and evaluate results using trusted academic sources.
  • Bias - Evaluate results for attribution, transparency, and bias.
  • Academic Integrity - See the Denver Seminary Policy.
  • Environmental Impact - Data centers providing artificial Intelligence require substantial energy and water usage, and produce significant wastewater and emissions.
  • Copyright - Providing text to an AI program for analysis may be a copyright violation. The use of copyrighted material to train AI continues to be litigated. The courts, not the Copyright Office, will decide what qualifies as fair use and what requires licensing (Copyright Office, May 2025).